Disease Review:

     Sleep deprivation can be classified into two main categories: acute and chronic. Acute sleep deprivation refers to an extended period of wakefulness, while chronic sleep deprivation involves consistently insufficient sleep over multiple days. The condition of sleep deprivation arises when inadequate sleep results in reduced performance, diminished alertness, and a decline in overall health ^[8]. In the realm of Ayurveda, the ancient system of holistic healing, great emphasis is placed on the concept of "nidra" or sleep. This traditional practice recognizes the vital role of sleep-in maintaining well-being and balance within the body and mind. Just as modern science acknowledges the negative effects of sleep deprivation, Ayurveda underscores the importance of obtaining proper and adequate sleep to ensure optimal physical and mental functioning.

 Nidra:

Sleep manifests when an individual’s mind, along with their sensory and motor faculties, becomes fatigued and disengages from external stimuli ^[9].

Importance of nidra:

The manifold dimensions of happiness and sorrow, sustenance and decline, vigour and frailty, potency and debility, wisdom and ignorance, existence and cessation, all intricately hinge upon the phenomenon of sleep ^[10][11].

Nidranasha:

Sleep is regarded as one of the three supporting pillars of life, known as "Traya upastambha"^[12]. It is also recognized as a Adharaneeya vega (natural urge) that should not be suppressed, as doing so could lead to the onset of various ailments ^[13]. Consequently, the deprivation of sleep can give rise to severe mental and physical complications. The absence of proper sleep precipitates a series of discomforts such as bodily discomfort, a sense of heaviness, drowsiness, frequent yawning, inertia, fatigue, dizziness, impaired digestion, listlessness, and a host of other afflictions ^[14]. This issue becomes particularly pronounced during old age due to the heightened physiological presence of Vata dosha ^[15]. In this stage of life, dhathus (bodily tissues) also tend to assume a depleted state (kashaya avastha), leading to an array of issues, including sleep deprivation. These manifestations not only contribute to a derangement of Vata dosha but also exacerbate its imbalance. Thus, the preservation of sound sleep takes on heightened significance within this demographic. Counteracting a period of wakefulness during the night can be achieved by subsequently sleeping for half the duration of time spent awake. This restorative sleep should ideally take place in the morning hours, and it’s recommended to refrain from consuming food during this period while continuing to rest ^[16]. 

Geriatric Age:

        Old age should be viewed as a natural and inevitable biological occurrence. The examination of the physical and psychological transformations that accompany the aging process is referred to as gerontology. The attentive management of elderly individuals is known as clinical gerontology or geriatrics ^[2]. In Ayurveda, the concept of "Jara chikitsa" occupies the seventh position among the eight branches of Ayurveda. This can be correlated with the principles of geriatrics.

The delineation of geriatric age according to different samhithas are as follows:

Yoga:

Yoga finds its origins deeply intertwined with the fabric of Indian culture, representing not merely an exercise regimen but a holistic way of life that nurtures physical, spiritual, and mental well-being. This ancient practice comprises various components, encompassing postural activities known as asanas, the art of breath control termed pranayama, and the profound practice of meditation ^[17]. Evidently, the influence of Yoga extends beyond its philosophical roots, positively impacting sleep-related facets. Among older adults who diligently incorporate Yoga into their routines, remarkable improvements in overall sleep quality are observed, notably fewer instances of sleep disruption, decreased sleep onset latency, reduced daytime impairment, diminished reliance on sleep medications, and a heightened sense of morning rejuvenation. This amalgamation of empirical evidence underscores the transformative potential of Yoga, not only fostering restorative sleep but also contributing to an enhanced sense of vitality and well-being ^[18]. 

 Pranayama and Omkara Chanting:

Pranayama comprises breathing exercises that strengthen the respiratory muscles, leading to improved tissue perfusion and oxygen saturation. It enhances pranashakti, inducing relaxation in the body and mind, consequently improving sleep quality. Pranayama can also lower catecholamine levels in the plasma, further promoting better sleep ^[19]. Omkara chanting involves the repetition of the “Om” sound. It also has been found to be effective in addressing sleep issues ^[20].

Padabhyanga:

According to Acharya Sushrutha, the practice of padabhyanga, which involves massaging the feet, holds several benefits. It is said to promote nidra, improve eye health, alleviate srama (fatigue) and supti (numbness). Additionally, padabhyanga offers a soothing massage to both the feet (pada) and the skin (twak), and is considered as a beneficial daily routine ^[21]. Two siras located in the feet directly influence the eyes. These siras serve as pathways for the effects of medicinal substances applied through padabhyanga (foot massage). Accumulation of malas (impurities) in these channels can lead to disturbances in sleep.

From a modern perspective, padabhyanga is believed to have a positive impact on key neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating various neuropsychological processes, including sleep. Consequently, Pada Abhyanga is thought to facilitate relaxation and promote natural, restful sleep ^[19].

Drug Review:

Ksheerabala taila is used for padabhyanga. It consists of Ksheera, Bala and Tila taila ^[22].

                                                                     Table 1

                                                                   Table 2