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Brief Summary
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Introduction:
The male
reproductive system consists of the internal structures: the testes,
epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and the external structures: the scrotum
and penis. These structures are well-vascularized with many glands and ducts to
promote the formation, storage, and ejaculation of sperm for fertilization, and
to produce important androgens for male development. The major male androgen is
testosterone, which is produced from Leydig cells in the testes (Gurung, P.,
Yetiskul, E., & Jialal, I. (2022), that maintain male reproductive function
and promote spermatogenesis and transport into the female reproductive system
for fertilization. The testes act as both endocrine and exocrine organs in that
they are responsible for androgen production and sperm production and transport
(Gurung, P., Yetiskul, E., & Jialal, I. (2022).
Common
tests of male reproductive function include a blood test to measure
testosterone levels. Total testosterone ranges from 300 to 1000 ng/mL. Other
tests include semen analysis, which establishes fertility status and function
of the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, and accessory sex glands.
Background
and Purpose of study:
Disorders
of the male reproductive system typically result from decreased testosterone
levels or insensitivity to testosterone, which lead to low libido, failure to
ejaculate, decrease in bone density, muscle loss, infertility, loss of body
hair and, importantly, incomplete sexual development if the disorder is
congenital or acquired before puberty. Other less specific symptoms of low
testosterone include low energy/depressed mood, anemia or increased body fat.
Other comorbidities associated with low testosterone include metabolic
syndrome, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis (Gurung, P., Yetiskul, E.,
& Jialal, I. (2022).
Prevalence:
In the elderly,
testosterone deficiency is associated with low bone mass and therefore imply an
increased risk of osteoporotic fractures (Aggarwal, V., Menon, A. S., &
Verma, V. (2022). Chronic and severe alcohol dependence increases the chances
of developing sexual dysfunctions (Bhainsora, R. S., et all. (2021). The
prevalence of Erection Dysfunction is high among T2 DM patients (Talwar, V.,
& Talwar, G. (2021).
Role
of Diet in Male reproductive system: Environmental
and lifestyle factors, diet, exposure to radiation and several other factors
may affect the male reproductive system. It is evident that most of these
factors contribute to male infertility via induction of oxidative stress (Agarwal,
A.,et al (2020). The mammalian system
needs a continuous supply of certain trace elements, one of which is Se. In
addition to other vital functions, Se is involved in male reproduction. The
morphology of male reproductive organs strongly depends upon the adequate
dietary supply of Se (Ahsan, U., et al. 2014) One study done on diabetic rats
stated that Intake of ginger roots improves the antioxidant and androgenic
reproductive function of male diabetic rats in addition to its anti-diabetic
property (Ghlissi, et al. 2013).
One
study done by Varsha S. Zade, et al in 2013 on albine male rats by giving them
aqueous extract of the seeds M. oleifera confirms that ingestion of aqueous
extract of moringa seeds produce increased effects on fertility and reproductive
system in adult male rat. It also lends support to the claims for traditional
usage of M. oleifera as a sexual function enhancing medicine. Thus, this study
may prove to be an effective and safe alternative remedy in sexual disorders.
Work is in progress on the isolation and characterization of the spermatogenic
principle in the plant extract.
Thus we
have seen that there are many health benefits of Moringa oleifera seeds, but appropriate
processing methods should be adopted on M. oleifera seeds to reduce or eliminate
the anti-fertility components or contraindications thereby making it a more
acceptable food product (Anagonye Callistus, O. (2017).
Finally,
the seeds of M. oleifera contain numerous phytochemical compounds with
pharmacological activity. However, this activity is reported in the literature
only for animal and cellular models, there has been no study of their
pharmacological activity in humans. Therefore, we will conduct a clinical trial
with nutrition intervention by dried moringa seeds powder in impaired Male
reproductive system patients with the purpose of whether there is any improvement in male
reproductive system disorders.
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