Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Several distinct types of diabetes are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors. Depending on the etiology of diabetes, factors contributing to hypergycemia comprise reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production.

Although achievement of optimal glycaemic control is an important aim of type 2 diabetes treatment, available data indicate poor attainment of glycaemic targets in clinical practice.Clinical inertia, defined as failure to intensify anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy in a timely manner, has been proposed as one explanation for these findings when sequential therapy is used. Although many factors contribute to clinical inertia, this traditional sequential treatment paradigm for type 2 diabetes, comprising stepwise addition of anti‐hyperglycaemic agents to initial metformin monotherapy in response to increased glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, may be a major reason why some patients experience delays in reaching their glycaemic goals.

An alternative approach to type 2 diabetes treatment is simultaneous combination therapy with anti‐hyperglycaemic agents that have complementary mechanisms of action, and therefore target multiple physiological defects. Several studies have shown that first‐line dual therapy, combining anti‐hyperglycaemic agents, had greater efficacy than the components as monotherapies without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia

In a 24‐week study in patients with baseline HbA1c 8.0% to 12.0% and in whom metformin failed, triple therapy achieved by concomitant dual addition of the sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin (highest dose of 10 mg/d) and the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor saxagliptin (5 mg/d) led to greater HbA1c reductions than the addition of either agent alone to metformin.  In addition, a recent 24‐week trial demonstrated that the same triple therapy combination had greater glucose‐lowering efficacy, and was associated with substantially lower incidence of hypoglycemia , than glimepiride, a sulphonylurea, added on to metformin. Another study on Combination of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin as Second-Line Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately controlled on metformin showed significant reduction in HbA_1c compared with the individual components and were well tolerated. 

Initiating simultaneous combination therapy at early stages of the disease, rather than by the sequential stepwise approach, may permit earlier achievement of glycaemic goals, more durable efficacy, and better preservation of β‐cell function than gradual treatment intensification.   A recent Consensus  recommends the use of combination therapy in patients who present with an HbA1c level that is >1.5-2.0% above an individualized HbA1c target, based on the knowledge that most oral glucose‐lowering therapies do not result in HbA1c reductions of >1.0% when given as monotherapies. By contrast, guidelines from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) recommend the use of initial combination therapy in patients with an HbA1c level ≥ 7.5%.

     The study has been chosen keeping the primary Aim:

ü  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy comprising a sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus on Metformin