The cumulative risk of refractory ascites is in the order of 20% within five years of the development of ascites. An elevated sinusoidal pressure is essential for the development of ascites, as fluid accumulation does not develop at portal pressure gradient below 8 mm Hg, and rising corrected sinusoidal pressure correlates with decreased 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium.More recently, it has been hypothesised that bacterial translocation associated with portal hypertension in cirrhosis and related pathogen-associated, molecular pattern activated innate immune responses lead to systemic inflammation.This is associated with vasodilatation as well as release of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, contributing to organ dysfunction.This activates sympathetic nervous system stimulating reabsorption of sodium in proximal,distal tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct as well as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, leading to sodium absorption from distal tubule and collecting duct.[5]Renal sodium retention and eventual free water clearance due to non-osmoticrelease of arginine–vasopressin and its action on V2 receptor in the collectingduct underlie the fluid retention associated with oedema and ascites in cirrhosis.The lowering of portal pressure using non selective beta blocker has also been shown to reduce the development of ascites, refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome.Furthermore, the effect of non slective beta blocker on intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammatory response has been proposed to mitigate the risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Aim and Objective – 

AIM-To compare the safety and efficacy of addition of carvedilol to SMT (diuretics +/- albumin) compared to SMT alone in the prevention of complicated ascites (refractory ascites, AKI-HRS, SBP or severe hyponatremia) at 1year.

Methodology:

Study population: Patient of liver cirrhosis presenting with uncomplicated ascites and without high risk esophageal varices.

Study design:

• A prospective, randomized, single center open label study.

• The study will be conducted on the consecutive patients presenting with uncomplicated ascites and low risk esophageal varices seen at the outpatient clinics/wards of Department of Hepatology, ILBS, New Delhi from July 2021 to June 2023. 

Study period: 2years from the date of ethics approval

Sample size with justification:

• Assuming that the complication rate in carvedilol group is 8% and placebo 30% so the complication free rate of 92% and 70 % further assuming alpha -5%, power 80%.

• We need to enrol 108 cases in two groups further with 10% drop out rate it was decided to enroll 120 cases 

• Randomisation into two groups by block randomisation method,taking block size 8

Intervention: 

- Patients will be randomized into two Arms A & B. 

- Arm A will receive carvedilol plus standard medical therpy,Carvedilol: will be started with initial dose of 3.125 mg BD then After 3 days, increase the dose to 6.25 mg BD, Maximum dose would be 12.5 mg BD, the same shall be switch to Maximum tollrated dose if SBP >90, HR >55. 

- Arm B will receive standard medical therapy.SMT (as described) that is 

- Grade II ascites – Lasilactone (20/50) OD then Change after 1 week as per response, monitor diuretic intolerance.

- Grade III ascites will undergo large volume paracentesis, lasilactone (20/50) OD Both groups will receive albumin as indicated (LT references as per protocol will be send for eligible patients)

- For Diuretic intolerance -Na, K, urea, creatnine will be monitred first weekly then once

monthly then SOS as per need

- For Carvedilol heart rate will be monitored first weekly then monthly then SOS as per 

need

- Dose of carvedilol will be adjusted as per protocol. 

- Other treatments given: Alumbin infusion to both group, lasilactone.

- Complications / Organ failures (3m, 6m, 1y or detected during tele/online consult or on opd basis

- Data to be collected

• Baseline –

• Blood : KFT, LFT, CBC, INR, IL-6, CRP,TNF Alpha

• Imaging : USG upper abdomen and doppler for renal blood flow, 

• 2D ECHO

• Urine : Urine R/E, Urine Na,AFP

• A/F analysis – for SBP 

• HVPG, UGIE 

• At 3 months, 6 months.

• Blood : LFT, KFT, INR,AFP

• At 1 year 

• Blood : KFT, LFT, CBC, INR, TNF  alpha,IL-6, CRP,AFP

• Imaging : USG upper abdomen 

• Urine : Urine Na

• HVPG, UGIE 

Statistical Analysis:

Data will be reported as mean + SD. Categorical variables will be compared using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Normal continuous variables will be compared using the Student’s t testNon normal continuous variables will be compared using the Mann Whitney rank-sum test (unpaired data) or the Wilcoxon test (paired data). The actuarial probability of survival will be calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.A Cox regression analysis will be performed to identify independent prognostic factors for survival.Univariate and multivariate analysis will be used whenever applicable.

Adverse effects:

Hypotension (2.6-17.6%) with minor side effets as fainting, shortness of breath, weight gain, swelling of the arms, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs, chest pain, slow or irregular heartbeat, rash, itching, difficulty breathing and swallowing tiredness, weakness, lightheadedness, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, vision change, joint pain difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, cough dry eyes, numbness, burning, or tingling in the arms or legs.

Stopping rule of study:

• Severe complications requiring discontinuation of therapy severe Respiratory distress, severe bradycardia heart block not responding to dose reduction.

• Patient refusal to further participate in study

Expected outcome of the Project

Carvedilol in cirrhotic patients presenting with uncomplicated ascites and low risk varices is safe and effective in reducing portal pressures, systemic inflammation and bacterial translocation, there by preventing ascites related complications (SBP, AKI-HRS, refractory ascites)