Patients posted for the lower abdominal surgery will be undergoing a thorough preoperative evaluation which included proper history, general condition of the patient, examination of CVS, RS, CNS, vertebral columns, and airway assessment. The basic and the relevant investigations (Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelet count, bleeding time, clotting time, renal function test, liver function test, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray PA view) will be done preoperatively. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria will be included in the study. The day before surgery all participants will be instructed about the visual analog scale (VAS).

After taking the patient in operation theatre, patient will be monitored using pulse oximetry (SPo2), non-invasive BP (NIBP) and continous ECG. A peripheral intravenous (IV) line will be secured with 18 G cannula on the forearm and 0.5ml/kg/hr crystalloid solution will be started. According to the group allocation, loading dose will be given of iv lignocaine or iv ketamine or normal saline 0.9%, followed by infusion at a fixed rate till the end of the surgery.

The patient will be induced with injection fentanyl 2 mcg/kg, injection propofol 2mg/kg and injection succinylcholine 2 mg/kg, intubated, controlled ventilation started with inhalational Isoflurane according to MAC and muscle relaxant injection atracurium 0.5mg/kg will be given. The patient’s ECG, NIBP, and SPo2 will be continuously monitored intraoperatively. Supplemental analgesia will be provided with fentanyl (1 μg/kg) IV bolus, if HR or mean blood pressure (MBP) exceeded 30% of the preoperative values even after the adequate depth of anaesthesia. Continuous monitoring of HR, NIBP, and SpO2 will be done every 15 min till the end of surgery. The number of doses and total dose of fentanyl used as supplement analgesia intraoperatively will be noted.  All the patients will be given 1gm of iv paracetamol and 4mg of iv ondansetron 15 minutes before reversal. After completion of the surgery neuromuscular blockade will be reversed with injection neostigmine and injection glycopyrrolate. After a demonstration of recovery from the muscle relaxant, patients will be extubated and shifted to the recovery room. The total duration of the anaesthesia and surgery will be noted. If any side effect or hemodynamic instability occurs before inducing or after induction of patient then infusion will be stopped immediately and the patient will be managed accordingly and that patient will be excluded from the study.

The VAS, and  Ramsay sedation score will be noted in the first 24 hrs postoperative period. The time duration of a patient staying in the recovery room will be noted. Patient’s haemodynamic parameters and patient pain perception measured by visual analogs scale,  ramsays sedation score monitored at 1hr , 2hr , 3hr , 4hr , 6hr , 8hr , 10hr , 12hr , 18hr & 24hr. Inj fentanyl 1 mcg/kg will be given as rescue analgesia if VAS ≥ 4 or on patients demand. The time of the first rescue analgesic (fentanyl) and total dose of fentanyl used in the first 24 hr postoperative period will be noted. Any adverse effect like tinnitus, numbness, psychomotor disturbances, haemodynamic instability, cardiac arrhythmias  will be noted. Patient’s satisfaction score (4 = excellent,  3 = good,  2 = fair,  1 = poor) will be noted after 24 hours of surgery. Total duration of hospital stay will be noted