Protocol

1. Title of the Project:

The Effect of Yoga Practices on Pulmonary Function, Cardiovascular and Autonomic variables, Body Composition, Hydration Status and Cognitive Function in Healthy Young Swimmers.

2. Type of Study: Basic Sciences

3. Aims & Objectives (hypotheses if applicable):

Aim: To assess the effects of yoga practices on pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function in healthy young swimmers.

Objectives:

● To assess pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function in healthy young swimmers.

● To compare the effects post- yoga intervention in healthy young swimmers.

4. Justification for study (whether of national significance with rationale):

A regular yoga practice has been associated with multiple positive aspects of physical, physiological and psychological outcomes. Significant changes in pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition and cognitive function can be applied to improve attributes commonly linked to athletic performance, stress reduction, disease prevention, efficiency, longevity and improvement of physical and mental health of college students.

5. Departments involved:

● Division of Yoga, CIMR, Manipal

● Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

6. Study period: October 2019 to March 2020

7. Sample size: 52 (n=52), Convenience sampling

Sample size is calculated using R software (PWR Package) with a small effect size of 0.4, significance level 0.05 and 80% power

8. Materials and methods:

1) Participant information sheet

2) Informed consent form

3) Data Collection Form

4) Powerlab 8/35 analyzed by Labchart 8 Pro software to measure Heart rate, Blood pressure, ECG and Autonomic function

5) Computerized spirometry - Easy on PC, version VO3b, using airflow transducer to measure Lung function

6) Stethography to measure Breath Holding Capacity

7) Body stat - 1500 model for assessing the BMI, fat%, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW), using surface electrodes.

8) Letter Cancellation Tasks (LCT) and Digit cancellation tasks for the assessment of visuospatial function and attention

9) Trail making test (TMT) for visual attention and task switching

10) Visual word memory test and Object memory test to assess short-term memory and cognitive performance

a) Inclusion and exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

● Students between the age of 18 and 25 years, of both genders

● Swim for 30 minutes at least 3 times per week.

● Given written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

● Individuals regularly practicing Yoga.

● Any known medical condition.

b) Biological materials required (type - blood, tissue etc and quantity): None

c) Statistical methods: Paired t-test

9. Detailed description of procedure / processes :

• Permission is obtained from the following authorities to sanction approval for the project:

-Head of Department, Division of Yoga

-Departmental Research Committee

-Institutional Research Committee

• Required documents are submitted to IEC for approval.

• Volunteers are approached and selected on the basis of convenience sampling.

• Selected participants are oriented about the purpose of the study and confidentiality of data.

• Participant information sheet and Informed consent form are given to the participant for

perusal and signing.

• Pre-test for pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition,

and cognitive function will be conducted.

• Participants will undergo supervised Yoga intervention for 45 minutes per day, five days per

week.

Yoga Intervention:

a) Asana: Each posture is held for 5 regular breaths.

1. Swastikasana

2. Vajrasana

3. Suptavajrasana

4. Tadasana 1

5. Trikonasana

6. Parshvakonasana

7. Paschimottanasana 25 mins

8. Purvottanasana

9. Marichasana 1

10. Marichasana 3

11. Bhujangasana

12. Shalabhasana

13. Dhanurasana

b) Pranayama: 10 rounds of each breathing technique are practiced.

1. Anulomaviloma Pranayama

2. SuryabhedanaPranayama 10mins

3. Bhramari Pranayama

c) Relaxation

1. Makarasana

2. Shavasana1 10 mins

3. Shavasana 0

• After four weeks, post-test for pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function will be conducted.

• Collected data will be statistically analyzed using Paired t test and discussed.

10. Outcome measures: Pre- and Post- test values of:

● Vital Capacity

● Forced Expiratory Volume

● Breath Holding Time

● Heart rate response to during deep breathing: Sinus arrhythmia

● Blood pressure response to Isometric hand-grip (IHG)

● Heart rate and BP response to standing - Ortho static Test (OST)

● BMI

● Body fat percentage

● Body fat mass

● Fat free mass (FFM)

● Total body water (TBW)

● Letter Cancellation Tasks score

● Digit cancellation tasks score

● The Trail making test score

● Visual word memory test score

● Object memory test score

11. Potential risks and benefits:

This project poses minor increase over minimal risk to the participants. The participants will have to come twice to the Department of Physiology which may be inconvenient. Yoga intervention may have direct benefit to the participant by improving physical and psychological well-being and to the society for a better understanding of the effects of Yoga.

12. Ethical considerations and methods to address issues:

IEC clearance, Informed consent from participants.

Use of indirect identifier to ensure confidentiality.

13. Budget (give details) and proposed funding source:

10,000, Institutional funds for PG Thesis

14. Review of literature (within 1000 words) :

Yoga is a science, which deals with the body and mind; control of body and mind

(Digambarji, 1975). Yoga for swimmers : a new approach to improve balance, alignment & breathing. Yoga practices are recognized as a major part of the training regimen of

swimmers. This yoga training offers lots of benefits for swimmers, which extremely helps in

boosting their performance. Yoga is also capable of enhancing one’s breathing pattern, which

obviously plays an important role in the life of a swimmer. It also helps developing one’s

balance, which makes one glide in the water in a smooth and effortless manner. Yoga is also

good in making all parts of one’s body flexible. Thus, stretching for swimmers is vital in

extending one’s arms, shoulder blades, legs and feet easier than before. (Murugesan, T 2012).

The positive health outcomes of a consistent yoga practice that have been observed include enhanced physical performance and well-being, decrease in blood pressure, a decrease blood lipid values, a decrease in body mass index, as well as an improvement in pulmonary function. From a performance standpoint, yoga has been reported to enhance muscle torque,

increase in handgrip strength, decrease low back pain,delay the onset of muscle soreness

following strenuous activity,increase flexibility and balance as well as improved

cardiovascular performance.The impact of yoga has also been linked to improvements in

mental health. Such positive influences include reductions in anxiety, depression reduction,

enhanced the state of relaxation, and enhanced motivation.

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