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CTRI Number  CTRI/2025/10/096558 [Registered on: 29/10/2025] Trial Registered Prospectively
Last Modified On: 12/10/2025
Post Graduate Thesis  No 
Type of Trial  Observational 
Type of Study   Cross Sectional Study 
Study Design  Single Arm Study 
Public Title of Study   Assessment of quality of recovery from disability after surgery, of patients who are undergoing spine surgery and comparing it with total expenses borne for each patient- including those with insurance and those without insurance. 
Scientific Title of Study   The cost-benefit analysis of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion in the Indian Scenario 
Trial Acronym  Nil 
Secondary IDs if Any  
Secondary ID  Identifier 
NIL 
 
Details of Principal Investigator or overall Trial Coordinator (multi-center study)  
Name  Madhava Pai 
Designation  Associate professor  
Affiliation  Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal 
Address  Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal, Udupi

Dakshina Kannada
KARNATAKA
576104
India 
Phone  9901729998  
Fax    
Email  madhava.pai@manipal.edu  
 
Details of Contact Person
Scientific Query
 
Name  Madhava Pai 
Designation  Associate professor  
Affiliation  Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal 
Address  Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal, Udupi


KARNATAKA
576104
India 
Phone  9901729998  
Fax    
Email  madhava.pai@manipal.edu  
 
Details of Contact Person
Public Query
 
Name  Madhava Pai 
Designation  Associate professor  
Affiliation  Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal 
Address  Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal, Udupi


KARNATAKA
576104
India 
Phone  9901729998  
Fax    
Email  madhava.pai@manipal.edu  
 
Source of Monetary or Material Support  
NIL 
 
Primary Sponsor  
Name  Kasturba medical college and Hospital Manipal 
Address  Department of orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical college and hospital, Manipal 
Type of Sponsor  Research institution and hospital 
 
Details of Secondary Sponsor  
Name  Address 
None   
 
Countries of Recruitment     India  
Sites of Study  
No of Sites = 1  
Name of Principal Investigator  Name of Site  Site Address  Phone/Fax/Email 
Madhava Pai  Kasturba medical hospital, manipal  Department of orthopaedics, Kasturba medical college and hospital, Manipal
Dakshina Kannada
KARNATAKA 
9901729998

madhava.pai@manipal.edu 
 
Details of Ethics Committee  
No of Ethics Committees= 1  
Name of Committee  Approval Status 
Kasturba medical college and Kasturba Hospital Institutional Ethics Committee  Approved 
 
Regulatory Clearance Status from DCGI  
Status 
Not Applicable 
 
Health Condition / Problems Studied  
Health Type  Condition 
Patients  (1) ICD-10 Condition: M968||Other intraoperative and postprocedural complications and disorders of musculoskeletal system, not elsewhere classified,  
 
Intervention / Comparator Agent  
Type  Name  Details 
Intervention  Nil  Nil 
Comparator Agent  NIL  NIL 
 
Inclusion Criteria  
Age From  18.00 Year(s)
Age To  65.00 Year(s)
Gender  Both 
Details  1. Adult patients aged between 18 and 65 years of either sex.
2. ASA I and ASA II undergoing general anaesthesia for elective posterior lumbar interbody fusion spine surgeries.
 
 
ExclusionCriteria 
Details   
 
Method of Generating Random Sequence   Not Applicable 
Method of Concealment   Not Applicable 
Blinding/Masking   Not Applicable 
Primary Outcome  
Outcome  TimePoints 
Comparing the Operative Value Index/ Oswestry Disability Index score improvement per 50,000 rupees between the two groups at 6 months postoperatively  one year 
 
Secondary Outcome  
Outcome  TimePoints 
Comparing difference in Quality of recovery 15 item score (QoR-15) , Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores and Satisfaction scores at discharge and at 6 months after surgery, between the two groups. It will be done via telephonic follow-up  one year 
 
Target Sample Size   Total Sample Size="50"
Sample Size from India="50" 
Final Enrollment numbers achieved (Total)= "Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials"
Final Enrollment numbers achieved (India)="Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials" 
Phase of Trial   N/A 
Date of First Enrollment (India)   01/01/2026 
Date of Study Completion (India) Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials 
Date of First Enrollment (Global)  Date Missing 
Date of Study Completion (Global) Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials 
Estimated Duration of Trial   Years="1"
Months="0"
Days="0" 
Recruitment Status of Trial (Global)   Not Yet Recruiting 
Recruitment Status of Trial (India)  Open to Recruitment 
Publication Details   N/A 
Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement

Will individual participant data (IPD) be shared publicly (including data dictionaries)?  

Response - NO
Brief Summary  

Aims & objectives (hypotheses if applicable):

To assess and compare the improvement in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores per 50,000 rupees spent, between insured and uninsured patients undergoing lumbar decompression and fusion spine surgeries.

Hypotheses- There is no difference in improvement in ODI scores for every 50,000 rupees spent between insured and uninsured patients.

Justification for study (whether of national significance with rationale):

Currently, outcomes following spine surgery are measured using post-operative patient reported outcome measures, namely ODI and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score. This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of care by evaluating the percentage improvement in ODI scores per 50,000 spent by insured and uninsured patients. By analysing outcomes in relation to expenditure, we aim to assess the value of care delivered and identify any difference in improvement of ODI between the insured and uninsured populations.

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Adult patients aged between 18 and 65 years of either sex.

2. ASA I and ASA II undergoing general anaesthesia for elective posterior lumbar interbody fusion spine surgeries.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Patient refusal.

2. Body mass index more than 35

3. Patients with severe cardiac, coronary, renal, hepatic, cerebral diseases and peripheral vascular diseases.

4. Patients coming for emergency / revision surgeries.

5. Pregnancy.

6. Neuromuscular disorder.

7. Neurological or any other postoperative complications

 

Detailed description of procedure / processes:

Following institutional ethics committee clearance, this prospective observational study will be conducted after obtaining CTRI number, over the course of 1 year.

After written informed consent is obtained, all cases will be preoperatively evaluated for presence or absence of insurance. Information regarding patients’ histories, physical examination, and preoperative imaging will be obtained. Baseline patient demographic variables, investigations, in addition to number of lumbar vertebral levels to be fused will be noted. The preoperative Quality of recovery 15-item questionnaire (QoR-15) scores, ODI score and NRS score will be recorded at admission.

The primary drivers of cost are supply cost and personnel cost.

To determine personnel cost, we will identify the exact personnel types who will be involved in each surgical episode. These include- surgeon , anaesthesiologist , nursing staff and technicians. After determining the annual salary associated with each of these personnel types, we will calculate the per-minute wage for each personnel type. This per-minute wage was then multiplied by the total minutes spent by each of the personnel types in the OR. This will comprise the total personnel cost.

To calculate supply cost, we will identify the following: implant-related surgical supplies, such as screws, plates, biologic tissue, and grafts; consumables, such as sterile towels, gauze, and bipolar forceps; intraoperatively utilized medications, including all anaesthesia related costs for items and agents used; surgical tray sterilization, as determined by number of trays opened and their associated sterilization cost. We will also calculate the indirect costs, including turnover cost (defined as cost associated with replacement of personnel from 1 case to the next) and overhead cost (the cost associated with use of the operating room, itself).

Post surgery, Quality of recovery 15-item questionnaire (QoR-15) scores, ODI score , Satisfaction score and NRS score will be recorded at discharge and at 6 months postoperatively during the follow up.

 

 

 Outcome measures:

Primary outcomes to be measured:

Comparing the OVI/ ODI score improvement per 50,000 rupees between the two groups at 6 months postoperatively.

Secondary outcomes measured:

Comparing difference in QoR-15 score, NRS scores and Satisfaction scores at discharge and at 6 months after surgery, between the two groups. It will be done via telephonic follow-up.   

 

 
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