of life and is characterized by joint pain, tenderness, crackling, stiffness, varying degrees of local

inflammation and occasional exudate. Osteoarthritis disease is often activity related. Later, during

the course of illness, constant pain becomes a features. Pain in osteoarthritis is not only due to

structural changes in the affected joint, but is the result of the interaction of structural changes,

peripheral and central pain processing mechanisms. However, pain is not the only result of

osteoarthritis. Pain is related to functions, body movement causes pain, and pain results in limitation

of body functions. Joint stiffness is also common, especially in the morning. Auditory and tactile

"cracking" or "grinding" of the joint, as well as a feeling of instability or bending, are common during

active or passive movements, especially in the later stages. This can result from pain, effusion,

capsular contracture, muscle spasm or weakness, loose body in the joint, mechanical restrictions,

and joint deformity/alignment. Dysfunction is another important factor in osteoarthritis. It is often

associated with joint stiffness. Osteoarthritis causes changes in mobility and function. Patients often

experience physical limitations, personal care issues, work capacity, and even household management issues.

Various treatment modalities for osteoarthritis include exercise, transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation (TENS), weight control, chondroitin or glucosamine, acetaminophen duloxetine, oral

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical NSAIDs, opioids, intra-articular injections

(corticosteroids, platelet rich plasma, hyaluronic acid) and surgeries if no relief from above

mentioned options.

The Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) classification has been commonly used to classify osteoarthritis.

The Kellgren and Lawrence classification also assist healthcare providers with a treatment

algorithm to guide clinical decision-making, specifically defining which patients may benefit most

from surgical management. The KL classification was originally described using AP knee

radiographs. Each radiograph was assigned a grade from 0 to 4, which they correlated to increasing

severity of OA, with Grade 0 signifying no presence of OA and Grade 4 signifying severe OA. Grade

0 is No radiographic features of osteoarthritis. Grade 1 is possible joint space narrowing (normal

joint space is at least 2 mm at the superior acetabulum) and osteophyte formation. Grade 2 is

definite osteophyte formation with possible joint space narrowing. Grade 3 is multiple osteophytes,

definite joint space narrowing, sclerosis and possible bony deformity Grade 4 is large osteophytes,

marked joint space narrowing, severe sclerosis and definite bony deformity.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective surgical treatment for arthritis of knee joint. It is

considered to provide significant pain relief and improves knee function in patients with arthritis with

good long-term results. Total Knee arthroplasty, a surgical procedure to replace weight-bearing

surfaces of knee joint to relieve pain and disability; is an end-of-line treatment for patients with

severe pain and functional limitations.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be associated with early and late complications. Early complications include wound infection, hematoma, thromboembolic events (DVT, pulmonary embolism), neurovascular injury, and stiffness. Prosthesis-related issues include malalignment, instability, patellar tracking problems, and periprosthetic fractures. Late complications involve aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, and chronic infection. Persistent pain and limited range of motion may affect outcomes. Rare complications include metal hypersensitivity and extensor mechanism disruption. Careful surgical technique, patient optimization, thromboprophylaxis, and infection prevention strategies are crucial to minimize risks and improve long-term function and implant survival after TKA.