All consecutively registered in the antenatal clinic at <12 weeks , non diabetic women will be evaluated  by detailed  history taking and examination as per attached  proforma. The patients will be recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria after obtaining their written informed consent . After 8 hours of fasting , 4 mL blood will be drawn from the antecubital vein. Of which , 2 mL will be collected into a EDTA vial for HbA1c  and  2ml will be collected into a grey vial (Sodium fluoride ) for fasting blood sugar . The women will be followed up in the antenatal clinic till delivery as per the hospital protocol. At  20-24 weeks and 32-36 weeks, 4 mL blood will be drawn from the antecubital vein for for HbA1c and for fasting blood sugars . At  the time of delivery, pregnancy outcome including neonatal birth weight will be recorded as follows :

Primary Outcome – Birth weight 

Secondary Outcome – Gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, APGAR, admission in NICU. 

The collected data will be entered in Microsoft Excel and then will be analysed and statistically evaluated using SPSS-v23 version. Normality of each variable will be assessed by using the Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. Quantitative data will be expressed by mean, standard deviation or median with interquartile range and depends on normal distribution, groups will be tested by student t test or Mann Whitney U test. Qualitative data will be expressed in percentage and difference between the proportions will be tested by chi square test or Fisher’s exact test.