Developmental Dental Defects (DDD) manifest as hypoplasia, opacities, and surface irregularities in enamel. These conditions weaken tooth structure, increasing vulnerability to caries. The prenatal period is critical in amelogenesis, during which environmental and systemic maternal factors can influence enamel development. One such factor is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), characterized by glucose intolerance during pregnancy.

Maternal hyperglycemia alters the intrauterine environment, which may disrupt ameloblast function and enamel matrix formation in the fetus. Consequently, children born to GDM mothers may show a higher prevalence of DDD, predisposing them to early-onset dental disease.

Despite mounting evidence on this association, most dental preventive strategies focus on postnatal risk factors, neglecting maternal metabolic influences. This creates a gap in identifying and managing children with prenatally acquired dental vulnerabilities. Additionally, most early childhood oral health programs emphasize fluoride use, whereas fluoride-free alternatives like proanthocyanidin (a natural collagen stabilizer with remineralization potential) and arginine-based toothpaste (which supports biofilm regulation) are less explored in clinical settings.

This study aims to bridge these gaps by determining the association between maternal GDM and DDD in offspring and evaluating the clinical impact of a non-fluoride-based preventive approach. Using high-resolution intraoral photographs with software-assisted analysis, enamel defects will be systematically recorded. A targeted intervention will be implemented in diagnosed cases to test its preventive effectiveness.

By integrating obstetric history into pediatric dental care, the study emphasizes a preventive, interdisciplinary model that could inform clinical practices and public health guidelines in high-risk populations such as India, where GDM prevalence is rising steadily.