The most common form of diabetic neuropathy is Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy. It often affects the hands and lower limbs and presents as a Stocking and Glove distribution. The important indicators of diabetic neuropathy are an increase in the duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels. Presently, it has been shown that the prevalence of DPN in India varies widely, ranging from 9.6 to 78percentage. 

According to WHO, the number of people with diabetic neuropathy has more than tripled globally since 1990, rising to 206 million cases in 2021. Damage to the nerves (diabetic neuropathy) affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands. Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb amputation. 

Currently, it is treated by supplementation of vitamins (B6, B12, Folate), tricyclic agents (amitriptyline, imipramine), opioid analgesics (tramadol, oxylodone), anticonvulsants (phenytoin, carbamazepine) and gabapentin, but some of these drugs have been reported to develop side effects. 

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in Al-Qanun fil Tibb has mentioned two specific complications of diabetes, which are gangrene and loss of sexual functions. They are closely related to vascular and neurological complications, as described in the modern pathology of diabetic neuropathy. Further, Razi (Rhazes) has mentioned in his book Al Hawi Fit Tib (Liber Continents) the concept of Khadar (neuropathy) and its occurrence in those tissues, which are somatosensory in nature. 

In Khadar (DN), the following changes occur, 1. Su-i-Mizaj Barid Madda (morbid cold temperament with substance) 2.Tafarruq-i-Ittesal (loss of continuity) – it is correlated with the discontinuity of nerve conduction caused by damage due to axonal degeneration, thickening of Schwann cell basal lamina, and accumulation of toxic substances in the nerve ending. 

As the literature review mentioned the properties of kalonji are Muhallil auram, Musakkin al-waja, and munaffith-i-balgham. The oil of kalonji is Muqawwi-i-bah wa Asab. In the classical book like Ghina Muna, Muhit-i-Azam use of kalonji in khadar(DN) is mentioned. An increasing amount of research links oxidative stress to diabetic neuropathy. Increased free-radical formation and a defect in antioxidant defenses which result in oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. 

Kalonji is an annual herb possessing a wide range of medicinal uses apart from its commercial significance as a spice-yielding plant. Thymoquinone is the most active phytochemical compound in NS. Nigella sativa and thymoquinone have many proven therapeutic activities, and some potent activities are Antioxidants, immunomodulative, antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic, and Neuroprotective. Animal studies have been conducted on the effect of kalonji on Sciatic nerves in experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. With the help of literature research, in this study, an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Kalonji in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.