Palatal rugae are asymmetrical mucosal ridges located on the anterior palate that develop during the third month of intrauterine life and remain stable throughout an individual’s lifetime. Genetically determined and resistant to postmortem changes, they share a common ectodermal origin with enamel-forming tooth buds. This developmental similarity suggests a possible association between palatal rugae patterns and dental conditions such as dental caries.

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease in children, causing pain, infection, and tooth loss. Although environmental, behavioural, and genetic factors influencing caries are well documented, the role of anatomical markers in predicting caries risk remains underexplored. Early identification of children at higher risk is essential for implementing preventive strategies and reducing long-term oral health complications.

This study aims to investigate the frequency and distribution of palatal rugae patterns in children and to evaluate their association with the presence and severity of dental caries in primary dentition. It further seeks to determine whether specific rugae characteristics—such as number, shape, and arrangement—can serve as non-invasive, cost-effective predictors of caries risk. The findings may contribute to improved risk assessment and preventive approaches in Pediatric Dentistry.