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CTRI Number  CTRI/2025/03/082517 [Registered on: 18/03/2025] Trial Registered Prospectively
Last Modified On: 10/03/2025
Post Graduate Thesis  Yes 
Type of Trial  Interventional 
Type of Study   Physiotherapy (Not Including YOGA) 
Study Design  Randomized, Parallel Group Trial 
Public Title of Study   The Effects of Backward Walking on Running Style, Nerves, and Knee Pain Relief. 
Scientific Title of Study   IMPACT OF RETRO-WALKING ON ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL, GAIT AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS IN RUNNERS WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME 
Trial Acronym  NIL 
Secondary IDs if Any  
Secondary ID  Identifier 
NIL  NIL 
 
Details of Principal Investigator or overall Trial Coordinator (multi-center study)  
Name  Nikhil Raghav 
Designation  PG Student 
Affiliation  SGT University 
Address  Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Gurgaon
HARYANA
122505
India 
Phone  9599268613  
Fax    
Email  nikhilraghav1802@gmail.com  
 
Details of Contact Person
Scientific Query
 
Name  Dr Pooja Bhati 
Designation  Assistant professor  
Affiliation  SGT University 
Address  Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Gurgaon
HARYANA
122505
India 
Phone  8802192456  
Fax    
Email  pooja.bhati092@gmail.com  
 
Details of Contact Person
Public Query
 
Name  Dr Pooja Bhati 
Designation  Assistant professor  
Affiliation  SGT University 
Address  Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Department of faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University Chandu Budhera
Gurgaon
HARYANA
122505
India 
Phone  8802192456  
Fax    
Email  pooja.bhati092@gmail.com  
 
Source of Monetary or Material Support  
Faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University, Chandu, Budhera, 122505 
 
Primary Sponsor  
Name  Nikhil Raghav 
Address  Faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University, Chandu, Budhera, 122505 
Type of Sponsor  Other [self] 
 
Details of Secondary Sponsor  
Name  Address 
NIL  NIL 
 
Countries of Recruitment     India  
Sites of Study  
No of Sites = 1  
Name of Principal Investigator  Name of Site  Site Address  Phone/Fax/Email 
Nikhil Raghav  SGT Medical college  Faculty of physiotherapy, SGT University, Chandu, Budhera, 122505
Gurgaon
HARYANA 
9599268613

nikhilraghav1802@gmail.com 
 
Details of Ethics Committee  
No of Ethics Committees= 1  
Name of Committee  Approval Status 
Institutional Ethical Committee Faculty Of Physiotherapy  Approved 
 
Regulatory Clearance Status from DCGI  
Status 
Not Applicable 
 
Health Condition / Problems Studied  
Health Type  Condition 
Patients  (1) ICD-10 Condition: M95-M95||Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue,  
 
Intervention / Comparator Agent  
Type  Name  Details 
Comparator Agent  Group A- Conventional Treatment Alone  A 30-minute duration of the session will be conducted. The treatment includes conventional protocol. 10 minutes TENS will be given to the patient followed by 20-minute exercise program (Quadriceps strengthening, ITB stretch, Hamstring stretch).  
Intervention  Group B- Addition of Retro-Walking with conventional intervention  A 30-minute duration of each session will be conducted. 15-minute exercise program (Quadriceps strengthening, ITB stretch, Hamstring stretch). Then a 15-minute treadmill retro walking will be incorporated. 
 
Inclusion Criteria  
Age From  18.00 Year(s)
Age To  35.00 Year(s)
Gender  Both 
Details  1.Participants age between 18 and 35 years.
2.Anterior or retro-patellar knee pain after performing, at least, two of the following activities; prolonged sitting, stair climbing, squatting, running, kneeling, hopping/jumping and deep knee flexion.
3.Pain score ranging from 2 to 5 on the 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS).
4.Pain duration should be at least for two months.
5.At least two positive signs of the following were found during examination; pain and/or patellar crepitus following patellar compression test, 5] pain following resisted knee extension, Clarke’s sign; pain following isometric quadriceps contraction against suprapatellar resistance with the knee in slight flexion, tenderness upon palpation of the posterior surface of the patella or surrounding structures, and having negative findings on examination of the knee ligaments, menisci, and bursa.
6.Participant should be involved in running sports at least 1 year and train at least on an average five times a weak. 
 
ExclusionCriteria 
Details  1.Those having had clinical evidence of meniscal or ligamentous injury.
2.History of patellar subluxation or dislocation.
3.Tenderness over the patellar tendon.
4.A recent history of knee or any lower limb surgery, or spinal referred pain were excluded.
5.Any Cardiopulmonary condition and Neurological disorders.
 
 
Method of Generating Random Sequence   Coin toss, Lottery, toss of dice, shuffling cards etc 
Method of Concealment   Sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes 
Blinding/Masking   Participant Blinded 
Primary Outcome  
Outcome  TimePoints 
1.EMG of VMO and VL muscles of knee.
2. Running Gait parameters. 
Day 1 assessment and after 4th weak assessment 
 
Secondary Outcome  
Outcome  TimePoints 
1. Pain (NPRS, Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale)  Day 1 assessment and after 4th weak assessment 
 
Target Sample Size   Total Sample Size="40"
Sample Size from India="40" 
Final Enrollment numbers achieved (Total)= "Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials"
Final Enrollment numbers achieved (India)="Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials" 
Phase of Trial   N/A 
Date of First Enrollment (India)   22/03/2025 
Date of Study Completion (India) Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials 
Date of First Enrollment (Global)  Date Missing 
Date of Study Completion (Global) Applicable only for Completed/Terminated trials 
Estimated Duration of Trial   Years="0"
Months="0"
Days="0" 
Recruitment Status of Trial (Global)   Not Applicable 
Recruitment Status of Trial (India)  Not Yet Recruiting 
Publication Details   N/A 
Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement

Will individual participant data (IPD) be shared publicly (including data dictionaries)?  

Response - NO
Brief Summary  

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), commonly known as "runner’s knee," is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition that causes pain around or behind the patella, particularly during weight-bearing activities like running, squatting, and stair climbing. Despite its high occurrence among athletes, there is no universally accepted treatment, though strengthening exercises, especially for the quadriceps, have shown benefits. Recent studies suggest that retro-walking (backward walking) may reduce joint stress, improve quadriceps strength, and enhance knee function, but its long-term effects in runners with PFPS remain unexplored. This study aims to assess whether retro-walking, when added to conventional treatment, offers superior outcomes in terms of pain relief, muscle activation, range of motion, and functional performance compared to conventional treatment alone. If proven effective, this intervention could refine rehabilitation protocols, providing a cost-effective and innovative approach for athletes and physiotherapists. The research is guided by the hypothesis that retro-walking will lead to significant improvements in clinical and functional outcomes, while the null hypothesis assumes no significant difference between the two treatment methods. Through pain scales, gait analysis, EMG readings, and strength assessments, this study seeks to establish the role of retro-walking in PFPS rehabilitation.

 
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