INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a team
sport characterized by periods of short duration (i.e. 3–9 s), high-intensity
activities, interspersed with relatively long periods (i.e. 10-20 s) of
recovery time.4 It is played by two teams, usually of six players on
a side, in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back
and forth over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the court
within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned.8
The
physiological character of volleyball is determined by the specific offensive
and defensive performance of the players such as jumps to spike, leaps in
different directions or sprints to the ball at distances up to 10 m. all these
techniques require strength and speed that predominantly depend on the energy
generated through anaerobic alactacid pathways.3 Of the overhead volleyball skills, the
spike is perhaps the most explosive. Spikes, or attacks, are typically
high-velocity shots (ball speeds can approach 28 m per second). shoulder
kinetics and angular velocities are greatest in the harder spikes.5
There is a greater risk of injury during the
execution of multiple jumps and further develops jumps without power. Also due
to the impact of hundreds of jumps, the ligaments may be affected, as well as
the joints and knees. In this way, strength training as well as explosive power
training appears to have a decisive influence on motor performance of players
of volleyball sport.1
Ballistic exercises, where the external load is
projected into a flight phase (e.g., throws), are the most commonly prescribed
for the development of power output,6 various training programme
oriented at physical performance and injury prevention9, Plyometric
exercises, etc were previously proven exercises to improve performance. A
muscular phenomenon known as post-activation potentiation, which is an acute
improvement in strength and power performances as a result of the recent
voluntary contractile history, has become the focus of many strength and
conditioning training programs.6
Post Activation potentiation
(PAP) is physiological phenomenon with short window of action (seconds to
several minutes) that can be largely attributed to myosin light chain
phosphorylation within type II fibers and which is observable as an increase in
muscle twitch response in skeletal muscle. Enhancements in voluntary muscular
force production, also called Post Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) by
some authors, was observed as an increase in rate of force development or force
during higher speed dynamic contractions, becomes substantive only after
several minutes, has a longer window of action than PAP (at least several
minutes), and may be largely explained through physiological responses
including increases in muscle temperature, intracellular water accumulation,
and other mechanisms.2
Thus we hypothesized that there
will be effect of Post Activation Potentiation Performance Enhancement(PAPE) on
upper limb explosive power in volleyball players.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
To achieve successful volleyball performance Both ball throwing and jumping performance are
important.1 Many research had been done on improvement of lower limb
explosive power through plyometric training, strength training, post activation
performance enhancement but there is lack of evidence on upper limb explosive
power by Post Activation Performance Enhancement in volleyball players.
As
many traditional exercises proven to be effective in enhancing performance there
is a necessity to use innovative and advanced methods of strength and power
training to improve volleyball performance.7
RESEARCH QUESTION
Will there be any effect Post Activation Performance
Enhancement (PAPE) on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players?
AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
To find the effect of Post
Activation Performance Enhancement on upper limb explosive power in volleyball
players.
Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis (H0)
There will not be
significant effect of Post Activation Performance enhancement on upper limb
explosive power in volleyball players.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
There will
be significant effect of Post Activation Performance enhancement on upper limb
explosive power in volleyball players.
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
Guilherme
P. Berriel at. el. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a
training session with and without an intervention of postactivation performance
enhancement (PAPE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, perceived recovery
status (PRS), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), followed by a specific
volleyball training session. The sample consisted of sixteen professional male
volleyball players, with an average age of 26.8±6.1 years and average height of
195.9±6.7 cm, randomly divided into a group with PAPE intervention (GPAPE)
(n=8), and a control group (CTRL) without PAPE intervention (n=8). The control
group carried out the training session with plyometric exercises, and the GPAPE
added conditioning protocols for PAPE to plyometric training, followed by a
technical tactical volleyball session. At the end of the training session,
there was an increase of 16.3% in the height of the CMJ in the GPAPE, while the
CTRL showed a decrease of 5% in the height of the CMJ. PRS and RPE variables
did not differ between the groups. It was concluded that PAPE had a positive
effect on the height of the vertical jump after plyometric training, which was maintained
until the end of the technical and tactical volleyball session.
Michal
Krzysztofik at. el. The purposes of this meta-analysis were to determine the
effect of performing a conditioning activity (CA) on subsequent BPT
performances and the influence of different types of CA, intra-complex rest
intervals, and intensities during the CA on the upper-body PAPE effect in
resistance-trained men. A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and
SPORTDiscus) was conducted to identify all studies that investigated the PAPE
in the BPT up to August 2020. Eleven articles, which met the inclusion
criteria, were consequently included for quality assessment and data
extraction.. They concluded That performing a CA induces a small PAPE effect
for the BPT performance in resistance-trained men. Individuals seeking to
improve their BPT performance should consider preceding them with a single set
of the BP exercise at moderate intensity (60–84% 1RM), performed 5–7 min before
the explosive activity.
MATERIAL
AND METHODOLOGY
Source of Data: Pravara
Institute of medical Sciences, Loni
Study setting: PMT Sports
ground, Loni; Physiotherapy OPD PIMS,Loni
Study Duration: 1 year
Method of collection of data: Data
will be collected by the primary investigator.
Type of Data: Quantitative data
Study Design: Randomized controlled trial
Sample size: 40 (Calculated by
Open EPI)
Sampling Method: Simple random
sampling
Study Duration: 1 year
Equipment’s to be used
Dumbbells
Medicine
ball: 1kg and 3kg
Bench
Materials
to be used
Consent
form
Assessment
sheet
PAR Q+
SELECTION CRITERIA
Inclusion criteria
Amateur sand volleyball players.
Age group 18 to 24 years.
Participants who are willing to participate.
Participants fulfilling PAR Q+
Exclusion criteria
Participants excluded will be:
Any type of acute and severe systemic
illness.
Any recent surgical and medical history which
will affect performance.
Psychologically unstable participants.
OUTCOME MEASURES
Outcome measures used for
this study will be as follows,
|
Medicine ball throw (Reliability- 0.9)
|
PROCEDURE
Protocol is prepared and
ethical clearance will be obtained from the IEC.
The Participants will be
selected based on the eligibility criteria.
Informed consent will be
obtained from the participants and demographic data will be recorded.
Participants will be
randomly allocated to 2 groups that is experimental group(n=20) and control group(n=20). Prior assessment
of the participants will be done and will be recorded on record sheet baseline
assessment of upper limb explosive power after warm-up session.
Then, experimental group will undergo PAPE exercises along with daily
routine exercises and control group will undergo regular exercises and both groups
will play match. After match post assessment of upper limb explosive power by
medicine ball throw will be done and will be recorded on record sheet. Data
analysis will be done according to applicable test.
All the instructions will be
given verbally, provided demonstration and guided through a single practice
trial of exercises.
Sampling method
Then simple random sampling
will be done for distribution of (Number of participants) into 2 groups. (Group
A Experimental Group) and (Group B Control Group). Target population were 18 to
25 years of age of participants fulfilling PARQ+.
REFERENCES
1. Pereira,
Ana, et al. "Training strategy of explosive strength in young female volleyball
players." Medicina 51.2 (2015): 126-131.
2. Blazevich,
Anthony J., and Nicolas Babault. "Post-activation potentiation versus
post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective,
underlying mechanisms, and current issues." Frontiers in
physiology 10 (2019): 1359.
3. Jastrzbeski,
Zbigniew, et al. "The effect of a 6-week plyometric training on explosive
power in volleyball players." Baltic Journal of Health and
Physical Activity 6.2 (2014): 1.
4. Ramirez-Campillo,
Rodrigo et al. “Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Vertical Jump Height of
Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of
Randomized-Controlled Trial.†Journal of sports science & medicine vol.
19,3 489-499. 13 Aug. 2020
5. Reeser,
Jonathan C et al. “Upper limb biomechanics during the volleyball serve and
spike.†Sports health vol. 2,5 (2010): 368-74.
doi:10.1177/1941738110374624
6. Krzysztofik,
Michal, et al. "Post-activation performance enhancement in the bench press
throw: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Frontiers in
Physiology 11 (2021): 598628.
7. Berriel,
Guilherme P., et al. "Effects of postactivation performance enhancement on
the vertical jump in high-level volleyball athletes." Journal of
Human Kinetics 82.1 (2022): 145-153.
8. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "volleyball".
Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball.
Accessed 24 January 2024.
9. Lehnert,
Michal, et al. "Training-induced changes in physical performance can be
achieved without body mass reduction after eight week of strength and injury
prevention oriented programme in volleyball female players." Biology
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Hua, Zheng, Zhao Liang, and
Zengliang Cai. "Upper limbs physical fitness training in volleyball
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