NEED FOR THE STUDY:
Photography is a widely used medium for recording data in various fields
including medicine and dentistry. The continuously evolving modern-day
technology leads to a revolution in photographic standardization. Communication
with lab technicians (shade matching, teeth selection), high-resolution
pictures for research publications, patient education, and data recordings are
some of the major applications of photography in the noble field of dentistry.
Nowadays, many clinicians prefer their smartphone cameras to record case,
intra-oral and extra-oral pictures over DSLR cameras. Owing to the advantages
like easy to handle, being cheap comparatively, and providing a wide range of
editing options, there is still a big question mark on the accuracy,
resolution, distortion and quality of the images captured using a smartphone
device camera. Hence, in the evolving world of digitalization, there is a need
for this study to know where the standard of mobile phone photography lies, and
to what extent it can be used efficiently for recording intra-oral and
extra-oral photographs in the field of dentistry.
RESEARCH QUESTION:
To assess the differences in image quality, distortion, magnification of
images, colour accuracy, and resolution (in pixels per inch) of images captured
by a DSLR camera set up for intraoral photography and different smartphone
devices available currently in the market.
HYPOTHESIS (ALTERNATE/NULL): NULL HYPOTHESIS:
The null hypothesis states that there will be no difference in the image
quality, distortion, magnification of images, colour accuracy, and resolution
(in pixels per inch) of images captured by a DSLR camera set up for intraoral
photography and, iPhone 15 PRO smartphone camera, a Google Pixel 8 smartphone
camera and Samsung S24 ultra smartphone device camera.
AIM:
The study aims to compare the image quality, distortion, magnification of
images, colour accuracy, and resolution (in pixels per inch) of images captured
by a DSLR camera set up for intraoral photography, an iPhone 15 PRO smartphone
camera, a Google Pixel 8 smartphone camera and Samsung S24 ultra smartphone
camera under optimal light conditions.
OBJECTIVES:
1.
To evaluate and compare the distortion of the
image by measuring the dimensions of the Maxillary Central incisor (height*
width) captured by a DSLR Camera, iPhone 15 Pro, Google Pixel 8 and a Samsung
S24 Ultra smartphone device.
2.
To evaluate and compare the extra-oral
magnification of the image by measuring the inter-canthal distance from the
image captured using a DSLR camera, iPhone 15 Pro, Google Pixel 8 and a Samsung
S24 Ultra smartphone device.
3.
To evaluate and compare the intra-oral
magnification of the image by measuring the inter-canine distance from the
image captured using a DSLR camera, iPhone 15 Pro, Google Pixel 8 and a Samsung
S24 Ultra smartphone device.
4.
To evaluate and compare the colour of teeth
using the HSV (Hue, saturation, value) values for the maxillary central incisor
through an image captured via DSLR camera, iPhone 15 Pro, Google Pixel 8 and a
Samsung S24 Ultra smartphone device.
5.
To evaluate and compare the picture resolution
obtained in pixels per inch (PPI) for images captured using a DSLR camera,
iPhone 15 Pro, Google Pixel 8 and a Samsung S24 Ultra smartphone device.
METHODOLOGY:
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study design.
STUDY SITE: Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge,
Yenepoya Dental
College, Mangalore.
FUNDING DETAILS: Self-funded
STUDY DURATION: 2 months. (October-November 2024)
SOURCE OF DATA:
·
Out-patient department of Yenepoya Dental
College, Mangalore.
·
After selecting the participants, they will be
informed about the study details in the language they understand. (Annexure I)
·
Participants will be asked to sign the consent
letter of participation. (Annexure 4).
SAMPLE SIZE:
Using G* Power software, under ANOVA, it is suggested to
collect data from 10 patients with 4 measurements in each patient (10*4=40) at
95% confidence level and 80% power. The effect size=0.5621 is calculated using
mean and standard deviations reported in the literature by Saincher R et al.
(2022). [3]
METHOD OF SAMPLING (SAMPLING TECHNIQUE):
Convenience sampling method.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
1.
Dentulous participants with a complete set of
teeth
2.
Male and female participants within the 18-50
years age group.
3.
Participants those who agree with the informed
consent.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Participants with prosthetic rehabilitation in the anterior
tooth region, and ongoing orthodontic treatment.
Participants with malocclusion anomalies like crowding of
teeth, rotation and spacing of teeth.
WITHDRAWAL CRITERIA
Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at
any time.
DISCONTINUATION CRITERIA
Participants having any kind of identity issues with their
photographs may be included in the discontinuation criteria.
STUDY TOOL:
Static photographic records
DESCRIPTION (QUESTIONNAIRE; INTERVIEW SCHEDULE; SCALES; SCORES;
DATA COLLECTION FORM; PROFORMA; ETC)
Data collection form.
METHOD:
DETAILS OF THE METHODOLOGY INCLUDING DETAILS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION:
A. Materials and Armamentarium
Armamentarium:
Nikon Z50 HDSLR Camera with 100mm lens and Macro Twin lite
MT-24EX
I-phone 15 PRO
Google Pixel 8 smartphone
Samsung S24 Ultra
Materials:
Cheek retractors
Black contrastor
Black chart paper
Intra-oral mirror
Methodology:
Participants will be recruited from the outpatient
department of Yenepoya Dental College. An informed consent sheet and
participant information sheet will be provided and the study procedure will be
explained to them prior.
Study groups:
Control group: Nikon Z5 DSLR with 105mm macro-lens and Twin
lite MT-24EX flash.
Case group:
Group 1) iPhone 15 pro smartphone.
Group 2) Google Pixel 8 smartphone.
Group 3) Samsung S24 Ultra smartphone.
Pictorial records: 5 sets of images per participant.
1. Maximum Intercuspation image
2. Anterior teeth with black contrast image
3. Right lateral occlusion image
4. Mandibular occlusal view using intra-oral mirror
5. Extra-oral portrait image
Method: the participant is seated on a dental chair;
informed consent is provided.
A plastic cheek retractor is used to provide sufficient
retraction, and isolation is done with
suction tips.
Intraoral mirrors are used to record the images.
5 sets of images are captured for a participant per group.
Light conditions are standardized as daylight conditions.
DSLR Camera with a 100mm macro lens is used as the control
group, the device is used at a faster shutter speed (200), longer focal length
(f/25), magnification of 1:2 and higher aperture size for intra-oral pictures.
For extra-oral portrait pictures, the DSLR camera is set at
shutter speed (60), focal length(f/10), and magnification ratio of 1:10.
The mobile phone groups (iPhone, Google Pixel 8 and Samsung
S24 ultra) are used in auto-focus mode, at a standardized zoom(2x) and equal
focal length (25cm) for all the groups.
Each intra-oral image is cropped (4:3) and the extra-oral
image (3:4) in JPEG file format is uploaded to a secured folder in the
investigator’s laptop for data analysis.
Data measurement:
Distortion of the image will be evaluated in the Maximum
intercuspation image by measuring the dimensions (height in mm) of the
maxillary right central incisor using digital software GIMP Version 2.1 for the
control and case group.
Extra-oral Magnification will be checked by measuring the
intercanthal distance (in mm) for each frontal view image captured in portrait
mode using the same software.
Intra-oral Magnification will be evaluated by measuring
inter-canine width (in mm) in the mandibular occlusal view picture for each
participant.
The resolution of the image will be measured in DPI (dots
per inch) in the Right lateral occlusion picture using GIMP 2.1 software.
Shade evaluation: manual method:
The anterior teeth with black contrastor image will be used.
The shade of anterior teeth (preferably Maxillary right
Canine) in all the test-group images will be compared with the control group by
the investigator.
HSV values will be obtained using digital software (GIMP
2.1) for better correlation with the colour of the selected tooth.
All the readings obtained from the pictures will be stored
efficiently in a data collection sheet (Microsoft Excel) for further
statistical analysis.
DETAILS OF ANALYSIS: (Including statistical tests):
Data points will be coded in MS Excel and all statistical
analysis will be done using IBM SPSS 27 software.
The Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to check the normality.
The summary of quantitative variables will be presented
using counts, mean or median and standard deviation/interquartile range
depending on normality.
The significant difference between the four groups of
measurements will be assessed through one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal Walli test
depending on normality. If the null hypothesis is rejected, then post hoc tests
are to be carried out for pair-wise comparisons. |